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Status
The environmentally sound utilization of
alternative fuels and raw materials in the cement industry is an
important development in most parts of Europe. Increased use of
alternative fuels and raw materials would enable the industry to
save energy costs and helps to reduce waste disposal costs. Moreover,
this would involve a contribution to environmental protection, e.g.
by saving natural resources and lowering
CO2-emissions. Obviously, there should be no
adverse affects in relation to stack
emissions or release
to soil and groundwater from cement-based materials produced
from alternative fuels and alternative raw materials.
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Alternative
fuels
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Alternative
raw materials
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Spent solvents
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Iron ore
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Used tyres
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Waste streams from
iron and steel works
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Waste oil
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Foundry sand
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Scrap wood
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Ashes from burning
processes
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Fractions from municipal,
industrial and commercial waste e.g. plastics and paper
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Coal fly ash
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Automobile textiles
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Oil shale
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Paper sludge
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Poultry litter
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Sewage sludge
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Alum earth
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Bone meal
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Drinking water sludge
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Cocoa shells
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Biomass ash
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Refuse Derived Fuel
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Table 1: Examples of
alternative fuels and alternative raw materials being used in cement production
Relevant papers:
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