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Use of alternative materials as secondary fuels and raw materials for cement clinker production (Cluster 1) Findings It is perceived that increased use of alternative fuels and raw materials in cement production could lead to adverse environmental impact of the concrete construction industry and other cement-based applications on the external environment and may influence the working environment within this industry. Issues related to stack emissions have been dealt with extensively in a study by Achternbosch (pdf) and are not repeated here in detail. In this work the lack of information on leaching was highlighted. In Cluster 1 work the main focus has been typically on this aspect.
In the studies done so far, there are no serious limitations for release to soil and groundwater during service life. Although not covered by the CPD, the main emphasis for judgement of long term acceptability of the use of alternative fuels and raw materials in cement production lies with the effects in the reuse of construction debris as unbound aggregate in construction works. Here the main focus is not on metals but rather on oxyanions such as Mo, V, Sb, As, Se. The test methods needed to assess such impacts are already well developed and can be implemented readily. As different questions arise a hierarchy in testing is proposed that allows to lessen the burden of testing for industry and to make available judgement tools for decision makers with more science background than currently used in regulatory development. This type of tools will be needed in view of the developments in the Water Framework Directive. New developments Extensive report in preparation of the new activities in CEN/TC 351 on horizontal test methods for assessing Health and Environment issues related to construction materials and use of alternative fuels and alternative raw materials in cement production. Framework developed for environmental performance criteria and control schemes for cements and cement-based products (made with or without waste derived materials) to both producers and regulators of building materials. Development of a database/expert system capable of handling a wide variety of test data from a wide variety of materials , linking data with regulatory criteria from different jurisdictions, development of scenario models to assess different exposure conditions of materials, and allowing sophisticated speciation modelling to create new approaches for product improvement. Further details The details of the work done in this cluster has been divided into the following categories:
You can access the subcategories by clicking on the corresponding link. Additionally several articles
have been published on the subject. Partners in Cluster 1 of the ECOserve network
are:
Co-ordinator 
Hans A. Van der Sloot
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